Intro to cells,Need custom essay sample written special for your assignment?
Web14 Pages. Open Document. The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and WebOct 1, · Cell Essay. Cells, the building blocks of the human body, contain genetic information (DNA) that is passed on from parent cell to daughter cell through the cell WebCells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of WebMay 20, · Essay on the Basic Concepts of Cell. Essay on the Types of Cell. 1. Essay on the Introduction to Cell: The cell is the basic unit of life. The life of all organisms WebAug 10, · The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it provides energy to the cell through blogger.com food that we eat is broken into simpler molecules like ... read more
The amount of mitochondria varied from cell to cell. More are found in cells with greater ATP requirements these are; cells that move a lot sperm, muscle , cells with a high metabolic rate liver and cells that carry out active transport small intestine. Endoplasmic reticulum Is an elaborate system of membrane bound sacs cisternae that are often continuous with the Golgi body and the nuclear envelope. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum ER Rough ER rER - has ribosomes lining it and is involved in protein synthesis as a transport system Smooth ER sER - lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and transport oflipids Golgi Apparatus Is a collection of flattened membrane bound sacs that are constantly forming on one side and budding off as vesicles on the other.
Its functions are: to package proteins for secretion to secrete carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins to transport and store lipids to form lysosomes Lysosomes They are membrane bound vesicles which contain digestive enzymes. They are especially abundant in secretory cells and phagocytic blood cells. Its functions are to: digest material from the environment. Useful chemicals are absorbed into cytoplasm and waste is egested by exocytosis e. g white blood cells and bacteria digest damaged or worn out organelles autophagy. After cell death they completely breakdown the cell autolysis release their enzymes outside the cell exocytosis in order to breakdown other cells.
Other organelles Peroxisomes - protect the cell from it's own production of hydrogen peroxide which is produced by white blood cells. It makes oxidative enzymes that break hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen Secretory Vesicles - neurotransmitters are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. The vesicles are then transported to the cell surface from release Microtubules - move vesicles, granules and organelles via special attachment proteins. They may work alone or join with proteins to form more complex structures e. g cilia, flagella or centrioles. Centrioles - during cell division they migrate to opposite poles of the cell where they synthesis the microtubules of the spindle. Plant cell organelles Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place here. It involves the production of sugars and other substances from carbon dioxide and water using light energy trapped by chloroplasts.
They are bound by a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope. Inside is a colourless matrix called the stroma, floating in the stroma are thylakoids which are stacked to form a granum. Granum are interconnected by tubular extensions called intergranlar lamellea. Starch grains are present and they act as a temporary store for starch that is produced during photosynthesis. Vacuole They are a fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast In plants the vacuole is large and permanent. The vacuole is filled with cell sap, a concentrated solution which acts as a storage site fro chemicals, mineral salts, dissolved gasses, wastes and pigments. Their function is to provide support ,especially in young tissues, and to store soluble food.
Cell walls Adjacent plant cells are connected as their cell walls are fused together. The middle lamella connects adjacent cell walls. The adjacent cells are connected by aplasmodesmata strands of cytoplasm. The cell wall is made up to cellulose microfibriles embedded in a polysaccharide background matrix. The cellulose fibres have a high tensile strength and the background matrix transfer stress to the microfibrils making it very strong. example is reinforced concrete The functions of a cell wall are: to provide strength and support to permit the movement of water from cell to cell Tissues A tissues is a group of cells and their inter-cellular substances which are linked together and perform a particular function.
Some tissues may be made up of a single type of cell whilst others have more than one type of cell included. An organ is composed of different tissues that are co-ordinated to perform a function Organs work together as a single unit or organ system Organisms are made up of a number of different systems working together. In animals there are four main groups of tissues: Epithelia - covers body surface and forms the lining of internal cavities. Major functions include protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. Connective - supports and protects. The main proteins in connective tissues are collagen and elastin Muscle - provides stability to skeleton and organs as well as allowing movement. Forms the most edible part of the plant Collenchyma - provides structural support and flexible support for organs, leaves and flowers Sclerenchyma - offers support and makes the seed coats, the shell of nuts and the stone of fruit Compound Xylem - carries water and dissolved substances Phloem - carries dissolved food substances.
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Bacterial cells are very small, roughly the size of an animal mitochondrion about 0. The shape of a bacterium is governed by its rigid cell wall. Typical bacterial cells are spherical cocci; singular, coccus ; straight rods bacilli; singular, bacillus ; or spiral that are helically curved spirilla; singular, spirillum. Although most bacterial species have cells that are of a fairly constant and characteristics shape, some have cells that are pleomorphic, i. Cocci tend to be quite small, being only 0. They are usually round, may be oval, elongated or indented on one side. Those cocci that remain in pairs after reproducing are called diplococci. Cocci that remain in chains are called streptococci Streptococcus pyogenes.
Another arrangement of cocci is the tetrad, consisting of four cocci forming a squire. A cube- like packet of eight cocci is called a sarcinia, Micrococcus luteus, a common inhabitant of the skin, is one example. Other cocci may divide randomly and form an irregular grape like cluster of cells called a staphylococcus, such as Staphylococcus aureus, cause of food poisoning and numerous skin infections. Bacillus are rod-shaped bacteria and the cylindrical cell may be as long as 20 µm or as short as 0. Certain bacilli are slender, such as those of Salmonella typhi that cause typhoid fever; the agent of anthrax Bacillus anthracis , are rectangular with squired ends; others such as the diphtheria bacilli Corynebacterium diphtheriae , are club shaped.
The third major shape of bacteria is the spiral, which can take one of three forms. Certain spiral bacteria called vibrios are curved rods that resemble commas. Other spiral bacteria called spirilla sing. Those spiral- shaped bacteria known as spirochetes have a thin, flexible cell wall but no flagella in the traditional sence. In addition to the bacillus, coccus and spiral shapes, other variations also exist. In the genus Caulobacter, there are appendaged bacteria; members of the genous Nocardia consist of branching filaments; and some Archaea have squire and cluster shapes. Bacterial cells have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.
Some bacteria have whip like locomotory structures attached to the cell wall called flagella. Some others also have pilli, short, finger like projections that help the bacteria to attach to tissues, one of the main features necessary for pathogenesis. Bacteria that cause pneumonia, for instance, attach to the tissues of the lung Fig. Bacteria perform many important functions on earth. They serve as decomposers, agents of fermentation, and play an important role in our digestive system. Also, bacteria are involved in many nutrient cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, which restores nitrate into the soil for plants.
Unlike eukaryotic cells that depend on oxygen for their metabolism, prokaryotic cells enjoy a diverse array of metabolic functions. For example, some bacteria use sulphur instead of oxygen in their metabolism. Even there are several anaerobic microbes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Eukaryotes have a distinct membrane bound nucleus and organelles. An organelle is a small structure that performs a specific set of functions within the eukaryotic cell while in prokaryotes they lack distinct nucleus or organelles. The basic structure of all cells is the same. All cells have an outer covering called a plasma membrane. The plasma membrane holds the cell together and permits the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
With a few minor exceptions, plasma membranes are basically the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The interior of both kinds of cells is called the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotes are embedded the cellular organelles. Both types of cells contain small structures, called ribosomes, the site of synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes are not bounded by membranes and are not considered as organelles. Now on the basis of presence of certain specialized organelles having specific functions like chloroplast, eukaryotic cells are of two types:. One of the primary differences between animal and plant cells is that, the plant cells have a cellulose cell wall.
This protects the plant cell wall from osmotic shocks. A plant cell has to be able to accept large amounts of liquid through osmosis, without being destroyed. Animal cells do not have rigid cell wall Fig. This allows animal cells to form and adopt various shapes. A type of animal cell called the phagocytic cell can even absorb other structures. This ability is not inherent in plant cells. Further, unlike animal cells, plant cells have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll by using them they perform the function of photosynthesis which is absent in animal cells. Plant cells also contain a larger central vacuole enclosed by a membrane as compared to animal cells.
Also, while animal cells depend on an analogous system of gap-junctions that allows communication between cells, the plant cells use linking pores in their cell wall to connect to each other and pass information. Plant cells are of three different types. The parenchyma cells help in storage, photosynthesis-support and other functions and collenchyma cells are only present during the time of maturity and have only a primary wall. The sclerenchyma cells help in mechanical support. There are about distinct types of cells present in the human body. Essay on Cell For School and College Students Organisms Biology by Sangam P May 20, Essay on Cell Essay Contents: Essay on the Introduction to Cell Essay on the Characteristics of Cells Essay on the Basic Concepts of Cell Essay on the Types of Cell 1.
Cell biologists have defined cells in many ways: 1. Essay on the Characteristics of Cell: Cells Possess the qualities of all living organisms, some of the characteristics of the cells are as follows: 1. Respiration: The cell has the ability to use oxygen brought from the lungs by the blood. Ingestion and Assimilation: Cell is a very active unit in which the nourishing food materials eaten by man are absorbed and assimilated. Growth and Repair: Nutrition is essential for the growth and repair of cells. Metabolism: The cell needs energy for its activities like glandular secretion, movement and nervous activity.
Golgi complex - A stack of flattened sacs receives and processes protein that has been dispatched by the endoplasmic reticulum. The proteins are modified and released at the cell membrane. Cell membrane: The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and its job is to protect the inside of a cell by only allowing certain substances into the cell and keeping other substances out. It also helps to support the cell and maintains its shape. Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Rough endoplasmic reticulum is very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out.
The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes- Produce proteins and is usually found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is found in both the plant and animal cells. Ribosomes — This binds to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and to the mRNA. It also enables translation of mRNA to produce proteins. Mitochondria- The mitochondria is the energy supplier to the cell. It is enclosed by a double membrane, and is identifiable due to its cristae which tend to divide their interiors.
This is like a power plant because the power plant supplies electricity to the entire town. Power plants are enclosed by the building walls and a fence for protection, such as a double membrane. It is also divided into many floors, such as the interior of the Mitochondria. Bibliography: [1] Shibata, Yoko; Voeltz, Gia K. Cell 3 : — The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it provides energy to the cell through respiration. The food that we eat is broken into simpler molecules like carbohydrates, fats and etc in our bodies.
These are sent to the mitochondrion where they are further precessed to produce charged molecules that combine with oxygen and produce Adenosine TriPhosphate ATP molecules. This entire process is known as oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria also helps in the building of certain parts of the blood, and hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Nucleus: The genetic control center of a eukaryotic cell. The nucleus is where the ribosomes are made. Rough endoplasmic reticulum hold ribosomes which produce protein. Just like pig pens hold pigs which produce protein. cilia …. In eukaryotes, the ETC and ATP synthase are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called cristae.
Vacuoles: large membrane bound space filled with sap, air, water, wastes and food particles; it helps maintain the shape of the cell. Both animal and plant cell, but in plats it is bigger …. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is like the cell 's passage way; the Golgi apparatus package and tag protein products so that they safely get where they need to go. HOME ESSAYS Cell organelles. Top-Rated Free Essay. Cell organelles Good Essays. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Cell Organelles Nucleus Its function is to control the cell's activities and retain the chromosomes. The nucleus is bound by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope has pores in it to allow the transport of mRNA. The cytoplasm like material is called nucleoplasm which contains chromatin coils of DNA and histone proteins , it is chromatin that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
Within the nucleus is a small spherical body called the nucleolus which manufactures RNA to from ribosomes. Ribosomes Are very small organelles but are present in large numbers. They are made up of two subunits, the large subunit and the small subunit. They are involved in protein synthesis. They can either be found free in the cytoplasm or on the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria Aerobic respiration occurs here producing ATP the energy currency of the cell. They have a highly folded inner membrane which provides a large surface area for the respiration reactions.
Some reactions also take place in the matrix Kreb's cycle as well as the cystol of the cytoplasm. The amount of mitochondria varied from cell to cell. More are found in cells with greater ATP requirements these are; cells that move a lot sperm, muscle , cells with a high metabolic rate liver and cells that carry out active transport small intestine. Endoplasmic reticulum Is an elaborate system of membrane bound sacs cisternae that are often continuous with the Golgi body and the nuclear envelope. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum ER Rough ER rER - has ribosomes lining it and is involved in protein synthesis as a transport system Smooth ER sER - lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and transport oflipids Golgi Apparatus Is a collection of flattened membrane bound sacs that are constantly forming on one side and budding off as vesicles on the other.
Its functions are: to package proteins for secretion to secrete carbohydrates to produce glycoproteins to transport and store lipids to form lysosomes Lysosomes They are membrane bound vesicles which contain digestive enzymes. They are especially abundant in secretory cells and phagocytic blood cells. Its functions are to: digest material from the environment. Useful chemicals are absorbed into cytoplasm and waste is egested by exocytosis e. g white blood cells and bacteria digest damaged or worn out organelles autophagy. After cell death they completely breakdown the cell autolysis release their enzymes outside the cell exocytosis in order to breakdown other cells.
Other organelles Peroxisomes - protect the cell from it's own production of hydrogen peroxide which is produced by white blood cells. It makes oxidative enzymes that break hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen Secretory Vesicles - neurotransmitters are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. The vesicles are then transported to the cell surface from release Microtubules - move vesicles, granules and organelles via special attachment proteins. They may work alone or join with proteins to form more complex structures e. g cilia, flagella or centrioles. Centrioles - during cell division they migrate to opposite poles of the cell where they synthesis the microtubules of the spindle.
Plant cell organelles Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place here. It involves the production of sugars and other substances from carbon dioxide and water using light energy trapped by chloroplasts. They are bound by a double membrane called the chloroplast envelope. Inside is a colourless matrix called the stroma, floating in the stroma are thylakoids which are stacked to form a granum. Granum are interconnected by tubular extensions called intergranlar lamellea. Starch grains are present and they act as a temporary store for starch that is produced during photosynthesis. Vacuole They are a fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast In plants the vacuole is large and permanent. The vacuole is filled with cell sap, a concentrated solution which acts as a storage site fro chemicals, mineral salts, dissolved gasses, wastes and pigments.
Their function is to provide support ,especially in young tissues, and to store soluble food. Cell walls Adjacent plant cells are connected as their cell walls are fused together. The middle lamella connects adjacent cell walls. The adjacent cells are connected by aplasmodesmata strands of cytoplasm. The cell wall is made up to cellulose microfibriles embedded in a polysaccharide background matrix. The cellulose fibres have a high tensile strength and the background matrix transfer stress to the microfibrils making it very strong. example is reinforced concrete The functions of a cell wall are: to provide strength and support to permit the movement of water from cell to cell Tissues A tissues is a group of cells and their inter-cellular substances which are linked together and perform a particular function.
Some tissues may be made up of a single type of cell whilst others have more than one type of cell included. An organ is composed of different tissues that are co-ordinated to perform a function Organs work together as a single unit or organ system Organisms are made up of a number of different systems working together. In animals there are four main groups of tissues: Epithelia - covers body surface and forms the lining of internal cavities. Major functions include protection, secretion, absorption and filtration.
Connective - supports and protects. The main proteins in connective tissues are collagen and elastin Muscle - provides stability to skeleton and organs as well as allowing movement. Forms the most edible part of the plant Collenchyma - provides structural support and flexible support for organs, leaves and flowers Sclerenchyma - offers support and makes the seed coats, the shell of nuts and the stone of fruit Compound Xylem - carries water and dissolved substances Phloem - carries dissolved food substances. You May Also Find These Documents Helpful. Better Essays. The Functions of the Main Cell Components Words 4 Pages. The Functions of the Main Cell Components. Read More. Good Essays.
outline the functions of the main cell components Words 2 Pages. outline the functions of the main cell components. Unit 5 P1 Words 2 Pages. Unit 5 P1.
Cell organelles,You May Also Find These Documents Helpful
WebFeb 2, · Cells Essay The life Process of a cell In my report you will learn about the life process of a cell based on the two main functions, metabolism and mitosis. You will Web14 Pages. Open Document. The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and WebOct 1, · Cell Essay. Cells, the building blocks of the human body, contain genetic information (DNA) that is passed on from parent cell to daughter cell through the cell WebCells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of WebMay 20, · Essay on the Basic Concepts of Cell. Essay on the Types of Cell. 1. Essay on the Introduction to Cell: The cell is the basic unit of life. The life of all organisms WebAug 10, · The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell it provides energy to the cell through blogger.com food that we eat is broken into simpler molecules like ... read more
Comment Button navigates to signup page. Physiology Of Fluid Balance And The Functions Of The Main Cell Components. Bone cells build up bones to provide support for the body. Another one is hydrophobic and can't touch water. They are acellular.
Some lymphocytes are still smaller 6 µm. A single brick, of course. It makes oxidative enzymes that break hydrogen peroxide into water and hydrogen Secretory Vesicles - neurotransmitters are packaged in secretory vesicles at the Golgi apparatus. Rough endoplasmic reticulum hold ribosomes which produce protein, cell essay. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Unit 5 P1 Words 2 Pages. Ribosomes — This binds to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and to the cell essay.
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